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In applications such as end-to-end encrypted instant messaging, secure email,and device pairing, users need to compare key fingerprints to detectimpersonation and adversary-in-the-middle attacks. Key fingerprints are usuallycomputed as truncated hashes of each party's view of the channel keys, encodedas an alphanumeric or numeric string, and compared out-of-band, e.g. manually,to detect any inconsistencies. Previous work has extensively studied theusability of various verification strategies and encoding formats, however, theexact effect of key fingerprint length on the security and usability of keyfingerprint verification has not been rigorously investigated. We present a162-participant study on the effect of numeric key fingerprint length oncomparison time and error rate. While the results confirm some widely-heldintuitions such as general comparison times and errors increasing significantlywith length, a closer look reveals interesting nuances. The significant rise incomparison time only occurs when highly similar fingerprints are compared, andcomparison time remains relatively constant otherwise. On errors, our resultsclearly distinguish between security non-critical errors that remain lowirrespective of length and security critical errors that significantly rise,especially at higher fingerprint lengths. A noteworthy implication of thislatter result is that Signal/WhatsApp key fingerprints provide a considerablylower level of security than usually assumed.

The Effect of Length on Key Fingerprint Verification Security and Usability