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As the core of the Knowledge Tracking (KT) task, assessing students' dynamicmastery of knowledge concepts is crucial for both offline teaching and onlineeducational applications. Since students' mastery of knowledge concepts isoften unlabeled, existing KT methods rely on the implicit paradigm ofhistorical practice to mastery of knowledge concepts to students' responses topractices to address the challenge of unlabeled concept mastery. However,purely predicting student responses without imposing specific constraints onhidden concept mastery values does not guarantee the accuracy of theseintermediate values as concept mastery values. To address this issue, wepropose a principled approach called Counterfactual Monotonic Knowledge Tracing(CMKT), which builds on the implicit paradigm described above by using acounterfactual assumption to constrain the evolution of students' mastery ofknowledge concepts.

Counterfactual Monotonic Knowledge Tracing for Assessing Students' Dynamic Mastery of Knowledge Concepts