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The Domain Name System (DNS) is one of the most crucial parts of theInternet. Although the original standard defined the usage of DNS over UDP(DoUDP) as well as DNS over TCP (DoTCP), UDP has become the predominantprotocol used in the DNS. With the introduction of new Resource Records (RRs),the sizes of DNS responses have increased considerably. Since this can lead totruncation or IP fragmentation, the fallback to DoTCP as required by thestandard ensures successful DNS responses by overcoming the size limitations ofDoUDP. However, the effects of the usage of DoTCP by stub resolvers are notextensively studied to this date. We close this gap by presenting a view atDoTCP from the Edge, issuing 12.1M DNS requests from 2,500 probes toward Publicas well as Probe DNS recursive resolvers. In our measurement study, we observethat DoTCP is generally slower than DoUDP, where the relative increase inResponse Time is less than 37% for most resolvers. While optimizations to DoTCPcan be leveraged to further reduce the response times, we show that support onPublic resolvers is still missing, hence leaving room for optimizations in thefuture. Moreover, we also find that Public resolvers generally have comparablereliability for DoTCP and DoUDP. However, Probe resolvers show a significantlydifferent behavior: DoTCP queries targeting Probe resolvers fail in 3 out of 4cases, and, therefore, do not comply with the standard. This problem will onlyaggravate in the future: As DNS response sizes will continue to grow, the needfor DoTCP will solidify.

Measuring DNS over TCP in the Era of Increasing DNS Response Sizes: A View from the Edge