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As private space companies such as SpaceX and Telesat are building large LEOsatellite constellations to provide global broadband Internet access,researchers have proposed to embed compute services within satelliteconstellations to provide computing services on the LEO edge. While the LEOedge is merely theoretical at the moment, providers are expected to rapidlydevelop their satellite technologies to keep the upper hand in the new spacerace.  In this paper, we answer the question of how researchers can explore thepossibilities of LEO edge computing and evaluate arbitrary software systems inan accurate runtime environment and with cost-efficient scalability. To thatend, we present Celestial, a virtual testbed for the LEO edge based onmicroVMs. Celestial can efficiently emulate individual satellites and theirmovement as well as ground station servers with realistic network conditionsand in an application-agnostic manner, which we show empirically. Additionally,we explore opportunities and implications of deploying a real-time remotesensing application on LEO edge infrastructure in a case study on Celestial.

Celestial: Virtual Software System Testbeds for the LEO Edge