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Computing systems have undergone several inflexion points - while Moore's lawguided the semiconductor industry to cram more and more transistors and logicinto the same volume, the limits of instruction-level parallelism (ILP) and theend of Dennard's scaling drove the industry towards multi-core chips. We havenow entered the era of domain-specific architectures for new workloads like AIand ML. These trends continue, arguably with other limits, along withchallenges imposed by tighter integration, extreme form factors and diverseworkloads, making systems more complex from an energy efficiency perspective.Many research surveys have covered different aspects of techniques in hardwareand microarchitecture across devices, servers, HPC, data center systems alongwith software, algorithms, frameworks for energy efficiency and thermalmanagement. Somewhat in parallel, the semiconductor industry has developedtechniques and standards around specification, modeling and verification ofcomplex chips; these areas have not been addressed in detail by previousresearch surveys. This survey aims to bring these domains together and iscomposed of a systematic categorization of key aspects of building energyefficient systems - (a) specification - the ability to precisely specify thepower intent or properties at different layers (b) modeling and simulation ofthe entire system or subsystem (hardware or software or both) so as to be ableto perform what-if analysis, (c) techniques used for implementing energyefficiency at different levels of the stack, (d) verification techniques usedto provide guarantees that the functionality of complex designs are preserved,and (e) energy efficiency standards and consortiums that aim to standardizedifferent aspects of energy efficiency, including cross-layer optimizations.

Energy Efficient Computing Systems: Architectures, Abstractions and Modeling to Techniques and Standards