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Real-time captioning is a critical accessibility tool for many d/Deaf andhard of hearing (DHH) people. While the vast majority of captioning work hasfocused on formal settings and technical innovations, in contrast, weinvestigate captioning for informal, interactive small-group conversations,which have a high degree of spontaneity and foster dynamic social interactions.This paper reports on semi-structured interviews and design probe activities weconducted with 15 DHH participants to understand their use of existingreal-time captioning services and future design preferences for both in-personand remote small-group communication. We found that our participants'experiences of captioned small-group conversations are shaped by social,environmental, and technical considerations (e.g., interlocutors'pre-established relationships, the type of captioning displays available, andhow far captions lag behind speech). When considering future captioning tools,participants were interested in greater feedback on non-speech elements ofconversation (e.g., speaker identity, speech rate, volume) both for theirpersonal use and to guide hearing interlocutors toward more accessiblecommunication. We contribute a qualitative account of DHH people's real-timecaptioning experiences during small-group conversation and future designconsiderations to better support the groups being captioned, both in person andonline.

Social, Environmental, and Technical: Factors at Play in the Current Use and Future Design of Small-Group Captioning