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Code review is an important quality assurance activity for softwaredevelopment. Code review discussions among developers and maintainers can beheated and sometimes involve personal attacks and unnecessary disrespectfulcomments, demonstrating, therefore, incivility. Although incivility in publicdiscussions has received increasing attention from researchers in differentdomains, the knowledge about the characteristics, causes, and consequences ofuncivil communication is still very limited in the context of softwaredevelopment, and more specifically, code review. To address this gap in theliterature, we leverage the mature social construct of incivility as a lens tounderstand confrontational conflicts in open source code review discussions.For that, we conducted a qualitative analysis on 1,545 emails from the LinuxKernel Mailing List (LKML) that were associated with rejected changes. We foundthat more than half 66.66% of the non-technical emails included uncivilfeatures. Particularly, frustration, name calling, and impatience are the mostfrequent features in uncivil emails. We also found that there are civilalternatives to address arguments, while uncivil comments can potentially bemade by any people when discussing any topic. Finally, we identified variouscauses and consequences of such uncivil communication. Our work serves as thefirst study about the phenomenon of in(civility) in open source softwaredevelopment, paving the road for a new field of research about collaborationand communication in the context of software engineering activities.

The "Shut the f**k up" Phenomenon: Characterizing Incivility in Open Source Code Review Discussions