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In networks with a minority and a majority community, it is well-studied thatminorities are under-represented at the top of the social hierarchy. However,researchers are less clear about the representation of minorities from thelower levels of the hierarchy, where other disadvantages or vulnerabilities mayexist. We offer a more complete picture of social disparities at each sociallevel with empirical evidence that the minority representation exhibits twoopposite phases: at the higher rungs of the social ladder, the representationof the minority community decreases; but, lower in the ladder, which is morepopulous, as you ascend, the representation of the minority community improves.We refer to this opposing phenomenon between the upper-level and lower-level asthe \emph{chasm effect}. Previous models of network growth with homophily failto detect and explain the presence of this chasm effect. We analyze theinteractions among a few well-observed network-growing mechanisms with a simplemodel to reveal the sufficient and necessary conditions for both phases in thechasm effect to occur. By generalizing the simple model naturally, we present acomplete bi-affiliation bipartite network-growth model that could successfullycapture disparities at all social levels and reproduce real social networks.Finally, we illustrate that addressing the chasm effect can create fairersystems with two applications in advertisement and fact-checks, therebydemonstrating the potential impact of the chasm effect on the future researchof minority-majority disparities and fair algorithms.

Chasm in Hegemony: Explaining and Reproducing Disparities in Homophilous Networks