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Complex 3D curves can be created by directly drawing mid-air in immersive environments (Augmented and Virtual Realities). Drawing mid-air strokes precisely on the surface of a 3D virtual object, however, is difficult, necessitating a projection of the mid-air stroke onto the user “intended” surface curve. We present the first detailed investigation of the fundamental problem of 3D stroke projection in VR. An assessment of the design requirements of real-time drawing of curves on 3D objects in VR is followed by the definition and classification of multiple techniques for 3D stroke projection. We analyze the advantages and shortcomings of these approaches both theoretically and via practical pilot testing. We then formally evaluate the two most promising techniquesspraycan andmimicry with 20 users in VR. The study shows a strong qualitative and quantitative user preference for our novel strokemimicry projection algorithm. We further illustrate the effectiveness andutility of stroke mimicry to draw complex 3D curves on surfaces for various artistic and functional design applications.

Mid-Air Drawing of Curves on 3D Surfaces in Virtual Reality