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We present a family of safe memory reclamation schemes, Hyaline, which arefast, scalable, and transparent to the underlying lock-free data structures.Hyaline is based on reference counting - considered impractical for memoryreclamation in the past due to high overheads. Hyaline uses reference countersonly during reclamation, but not while accessing individual objects, whichreduces overheads for object accesses. Since with reference counters, anarbitrary thread ends up freeing memory, Hyaline's reclamation workload is(almost) balanced across all threads, unlike most prior reclamation schemessuch as epoch-based reclamation (EBR) or hazard pointers (HP). Hyaline oftenyields (excellent) EBR-grade performance with (good) HP-grade memoryefficiency, which is a challenging tradeoff with all existing schemes.  Hyaline schemes offer: (i) high performance; (ii) good memory efficiency;(iii) robustness: bounding memory usage even in the presence of stalledthreads, a well-known problem with EBR; (iv) transparency: supporting virtuallyunbounded number of threads (or concurrent entities) that can be created anddeleted dynamically, and effortlessly join existent workload; (v) autonomy:avoiding special OS mechanisms and being non-intrusive to runtime or compilerenvironments; (vi) simplicity: enabling easy integration into unmanaged C/C++code; and (vii) generality: supporting many data structures. All existingschemes lack one or more properties.  We have implemented and tested Hyaline on x86(-64), ARM32/64, PowerPC, andMIPS. The general approach requires LL/SC or double-width CAS, while aspecialized version also works with single-width CAS. Our evaluation revealsthat Hyaline's throughput is very high - it steadily outperforms EBR by 10% inone test and yields 2x gains in oversubscribed scenarios. Hyaline's superiormemory efficiency is especially evident in read-dominated workloads

Snapshot-Free, Transparent, and Robust Memory Reclamation for Lock-Free Data Structures