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Some blockchain programs (smart contracts) have included serious securityvulnerabilities. Obsidian is a new typestate-oriented programming language thatuses a strong type system to rule out some of these vulnerabilities. AlthoughObsidian was designed to promote usability to make it as easy as possible towrite programs, strong type systems can cause a language to be difficult touse. In particular, ownership, typestate, and assets, which Obsidian uses toprovide safety guarantees, have not seen broad adoption together in popularlanguages and result in significant usability challenges. We performed anempirical study with 20 participants comparing Obsidian to Solidity, which isthe language most commonly used for writing smart contracts today. We observedthat Obsidian participants were able to successfully complete more of theprogramming tasks than the Solidity participants. We also found that theSolidity participants commonly inserted asset-related bugs, which Obsidiandetects at compile time.

Can Advanced Type Systems Be Usable? An Empirical Study of Ownership, Assets, and Typestate in Obsidian