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The last few years has seen a substantial push toward "Open Data" by policy makers, researchers, archivists, and even the public. This article postulates that the value of data is not intrinsic but instead derives from its ability to produce knowledge; the extraction of which from data is not deterministic. The value of data is realized through a focus on the reproducibility of the findings from the data, which acknowledges the complexity of the leap from data to knowledge, and the inextricable interrelationships between data, software, computational environments and cyberinfrastructure, and knowledge. Modern information archiving practices have a long history and were shaped in a pre-digital world comprised of physical objects such as books, monographs, film, paper, and other physical artifacts. This article argues that "data," the modern collection of digital bits representing empirical measurements, is a wholly new entity and not a digital analog to any physical object. It further argues that a focus on the interrelationships between digital artifacts and their unique properties, instead of Open Data alone, will instead produce an augmented and more useful understanding of knowledge when it is derived from digital data. Data-derived knowledge, represented by claims in the scholarly record, must persistently link to immutable versions of the digital artifacts from which it was derived, including 1) any data, 2) software that allows access to the data and the regeneration of those claims that rely on the version of the data, and 3) computational environment information including input parameters, function invocation sequences, and resource details. In this sense the epistemological gap between data and extracted knowledge can be closed. Datasets and software are often subject to change and revision, sometimes even with high velocity, and such changes imply new versions with new unique identifiers. We propose considering knowledge, rather than data in isolation, with a schematic model representing the interconnectedness of datasets, software, and computational information upon which its derivation depends. Capturing the interconnectedness of these digital artifacts, and their relationship to the knowledge they generate, is essential for supporting the reproducibility, transparency, and cognitive tractability of scientific claims derived from digital data.

Beyond Open Data: A Model for Linking Digital Artifacts to Enable Reproducibility of Scientific Claims