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Test-based automated program repair has been a prolific field of research insoftware engineering in the last decade. Many approaches have indeed beenproposed, which leverage test suites as a weak, but affordable, approximationto program specifications. Although the literature regularly sets new recordson the number of benchmark bugs that can be fixed, several studies increasinglyraise concerns about the limitations and biases of state-of-the-art approaches.For example, the correctness of generated patches has been questioned in anumber of studies, while other researchers pointed out that evaluation schemesmay be misleading with respect to the processing of fault localization results.Nevertheless, there is little work addressing the efficiency of patchgeneration, with regard to the practicality of program repair. In this paper,we fill this gap in the literature, by providing an extensive review on theefficiency of test suite based program repair. Our objective is to assess thenumber of generated patch candidates, since this information is correlated to(1) the strategy to traverse the search space efficiently in order to selectsensical repair attempts, (2) the strategy to minimize the test effort foridentifying a plausible patch, (3) as well as the strategy to prioritize thegeneration of a correct patch. To that end, we perform a large-scale empiricalstudy on the efficiency, in terms of quantity of generated patch candidates ofthe 16 open-source repair tools for Java programs. The experiments arecarefully conducted under the same fault localization configurations to limitbiases.

On the Efficiency of Test Suite based Program Repair: A Systematic Assessment of 16 Automated Repair Systems for Java Programs