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A broad range of research areas including Internet measurement, privacy, andnetwork security rely on lists of target domains to be analysed; researchersmake use of target lists for reasons of necessity or efficiency. The popularAlexa list of one million domains is a widely used example. Despite theirprevalence in research papers, the soundness of top lists has seldom beenquestioned by the community: little is known about the lists' creation,representativity, potential biases, stability, or overlap between lists.  In this study we survey the extent, nature, and evolution of top lists usedby research communities. We assess the structure and stability of these lists,and show that rank manipulation is possible for some lists. We also reproducethe results of several scientific studies to assess the impact of using a toplist at all, which list specifically, and the date of list creation. We findthat (i) top lists generally overestimate results compared to the generalpopulation by a significant margin, often even an order of magnitude, and (ii)some top lists have surprising change characteristics, causing high day-to-dayfluctuation and leading to result instability. We conclude our paper withspecific recommendations on the use of top lists, and how to interpret resultsbased on top lists with caution.

A Long Way to the Top: Significance, Structure, and Stability of Internet Top Lists