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Internet eXchange Points (IXPs) are Internet hubs that mainly provide theswitching infrastructure to interconnect networks and exchange traffic. Whilethe initial goal of IXPs was to bring together networks residing in the samecity or country, and thus keep local traffic local, this model is graduallyshifting. Many networks connect to IXPs without having physical presence attheir switching infrastructure. This practice, called Remote Peering, ischanging the Internet topology and economy, and has become the subject of acontentious debate within the network operators' community. However, despitethe increasing attention it attracts, the understanding of the characteristicsand impact of remote peering is limited. In this work, we introduce andvalidate a heuristic methodology for discovering remote peers at IXPs. We (i)identify critical remote peering inference challenges, (ii) infer remote peerswith high accuracy (>95%) and coverage (93%) per IXP, and (iii) characterizedifferent aspects of the remote peering ecosystem by applying our methodologyto 30 large IXPs. We observe that remote peering is a significantly commonpractice in all the studied IXPs; for the largest IXPs, remote peers accountfor 40% of their member base. We also show that today, IXP growth is mainlydriven by remote peering, which contributes two times more than local peering.

O Peer, Where Art Thou? Uncovering Remote Peering Interconnections at IXPs