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Design of clock synchronization for networked nodes faces a fundamentaltrade-off between synchronization accuracy and universality for heterogeneousplatforms, because a high synchronization accuracy generally requiresplatform-dependent hardware-level network packet timestamping. This paperpresents TouchSync, a new indoor clock synchronization approach for wearablesthat achieves millisecond accuracy while preserving universality in that ituses standard system calls only, such as reading system clock, samplingsensors, and sending/receiving network messages. The design of TouchSync isdriven by a key finding from our extensive measurements that the skin electricpotentials (SEPs) induced by powerline radiation are salient, periodic, andsynchronous on a same wearer and even across different wearers. TouchSyncintegrates the SEP signal into the universal principle of Network Time Protocoland solves an integer ambiguity problem by fusing the ambiguous results inmultiple synchronization rounds to conclude an accurate clock offset betweentwo synchronizing wearables. With our shared code, TouchSync can be readilyintegrated into any wearable applications. Extensive evaluation based on ourArduino and TinyOS implementations shows that TouchSync's synchronizationerrors are below 3 and 7 milliseconds on the same wearer and between twowearers 10 kilometers apart, respectively.

Application-Layer Clock Synchronization for Wearables Using Skin Electric Potentials Induced by Powerline Radiation