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The happy-productive worker thesis states that happy workers are moreproductive. Recent research in software engineering supports the thesis, andthe ideal of flourishing happiness among software developers is often expressedamong industry practitioners. However, the literature suggests that acost-effective way to foster happiness and productivity among workers could beto limit unhappiness. Psychological disorders such as job burnout and anxietycould also be reduced by limiting the negative experiences of softwaredevelopers. Simultaneously, a baseline assessment of (un)happiness andknowledge about how developers experience it are missing. In this paper, webroaden the understanding of unhappiness among software developers in terms of(1) the software developer population distribution of (un)happiness, and (2)the causes of unhappiness while developing software. We conducted a large-scalequantitative and qualitative survey, incorporating a psychometrically validatedinstrument for measuring (un)happiness, with 2220 developers, yielding a richand balanced sample of 1318 complete responses. Our results indicate thatsoftware developers are a slightly happy population, but the need for limitingthe unhappiness of developers remains. We also identified 219 factorsrepresenting causes of unhappiness while developing software. Our results,which are available as open data, can act as guidelines for practitioners inmanagement positions and developers in general for fostering happiness on thejob. We suggest considering happiness in future studies of both human andtechnical aspects in software engineering.

On the Unhappiness of Software Developers