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The most popular conservative parallel simulation approach is the Chandy-Misra (CM) approach. In this approach, two waiting rules are used to synchronize the executions of processes. These waiting rules are more restrictive than necessary. Thus, several techniques have been proposed to reduce the waiting overheads. The expense of seeking an optimization mechanism may be greater than the waiting overheads. It is important to study how a simulation application is affected by waiting overheads before we implement an optimization mechanism. This paper studies the effects of waiting overheads via a simulation model. The experiments indicate the following. (i) It is more important to reduce the waiting overheads for a lightly loaded system than a heavily loaded system. (ii) Reducing the input waiting overhead is more important than reducing the output waiting overhead for a network where processes have many input channels. (iii) For most cases, the interaction between the input optimization and the output optimization is positive. We also study the effects of waiting overheads on CM simulation with limited processors. The following observations are made. (i) It may not be worthwhile to reduce waiting overheads for simulation applications with high potential concurrency. On the other hand, it is important to use optimizations to reduce waiting overheads for simulation applications with low potential concurrency. (ii) For a small number of processors, it may not be worthwhile to reduce waiting overheads, because the concurrency provided by CM simulation is large enough to keep the processors busy. For a large number of processors, it is important to reduce waiting overheads to prevent processors from extra blocking.

Effects of waiting overheads on conservative parallel simulation