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For many years GPUs have been components of HPC clusters (Titan and Piz Daint), while only in recent years has the Intel® Xeon Phi™ been included (Tianhe-2 and Stampede). For example, GPUs are in 14% of systems in the November 2015 Top500 list, while the Xeon Phi™ is in 6%. Intel® came out with Xeon Phi™ to compete with NVIDIA GPUs by offering a unified environment that supports OpenMP and MPI, and by providing competitive and easier-to-utilize processing power with less energy consumption. Maximum Xeon Phi™ execution-time performance requires that programs have high data parallelism and good scalability, and use parallel algorithms. And, improved Phi™ power performance and throughput can be achieved by reducing the number of cores employed for application execution. Accordingly, the objectives of this paper are to: (1) Demonstrate that some applications can be executed with fewer cores than are available to users with a negligible impact on execution time: For 59.3% of the 27 application instances studied, doing this results in better performance and for 37% using less than half of the available cores results in performance degradation of not more than 10% in the worst case. (2) Develop a tool that provides the user with the optimal number of cores to employ: We designed an algorithm and developed a plugin for the Periscope Tuning Framework, an automatic performance tuner, that for a given application provide the user with an estimation of this number. (3) Understand if performance metrics can be used to identify applications that can be executed with fewer cores with a negligible impact on execution time: We identified, via statistical analysis, the following three metrics that are indicative of this, at least for the application instances studied: low L1 Compute to Data Access ratio, i.e., the average number of computations that are performed per byte of data loaded/stored in the L1 cache, high use of data bandwidth, and, to a lesser extent, low vectorization intensity.

Minimization of Xeon Phi Core Use with Negligible Execution Time Impact