English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Video, controlled by computer, can be used in psychotherapy to give a couple feedback on how they interact. Organized hypertextually, these clips can be cross-referenced with other video-records (e.g. other sessions with this couple or another couple; movies; documentaries) and with other kinds of texts (e.g. therapist notes, scholarly references, genograms, cartoons). But how are these to be organized practically? And on what theoretical basis? This demonstration will show how a hypertext shell (the nWAYZ Project) built on HyperCardTM and VideoToolkitTM can be used to construct a hypertext for use by clients, therapists and researchers. SUMMARY Hypertext and Couples’ Therapy — What do they have to do with one another? Hypertext originated in Bush’s conception of Memex — a technology for selecting and storing many different forms of information so as to link them in complex sequences. A central notion is that of ‘trails’ — sequences of associations between texts laid-down by trailblazers for trail-followers. Such trails form complex ‘objects’. In psychology, Freud pointed out to us how every individual develops a personal network of individual meanings. Later theorists, such as Melanie Klein, conceived of these networks as ‘objects’ which are partly private, within the person (intrapersonal) and partly public, between persons (interpersonal). In terms of the individual, we can think of the ‘object’ of his/her network of meanings as if it were a play in which all the people helshe has ever met can get to interact with each other in different scenes. This is why when Jack and Jill interact as a couple, the ‘virtual’ partners in the dialog may be his dead grandfather and her childhood best friend’s mother! When a couple comes into therapy they bring this unfinished ‘virtual text’ into the room. The problem is how to make this virtual text ‘actual’ so that the couple and therapist can work on it together. In the nWAYZ Project this is accomplished by videotaping the couple in interaction, and reviewing the resultant videotext. This videotext can also be drawn from previous sessions, and it may be interwoven with other texts such as clips from interactions with other couples, scenes from movies, and even other forms of text (newspaper cartoons, family photographs, genograms, etc). A single videotaped session can organized into clips of any length from one frame to the entire meeting, and these clips can thus be contiguous, overlap, or contaitie-contained by each other. What’s more, a single clip can be transformed into different texts (e.g. by slow-motion, accelerated speed, freeze-frame, soundhideo only, etc.). Clearly a vast textual content is generated by even a single session — so how are we to select texts, and how then ought we link these texts together? There is the practical hypertext problem of organizing information, and then there is a theoretical question of the metatext underlying that organization. Perrrission to copv without fao all or part of this material is that copying is by pscmission of tha Association for Computina Orantad providad that tha copies ●r. not mad. or dbtributed for Machinery. To copv otherwise, or to republish, requiree a foe, direct commercial advantage. the ACM copyright notice ●nd the Ondiof SPOCifiC 0Wrri8sion. titte of the publication ●nd ite dot. ●ppear. ●nd notica is ~von 01993 ACM &89791~2&7/93/()()11. ..$1.50 Hypertext ’93 Proceedings 250 November 1993 The nWAYZ Project as a hypertext shell — Technologically Assisted Focussing The hypertext shell of the nWAYZ Project is built on Apple’s HyperCard, and it employs Abbate’s HyperCardbased application VideoToolkit for nonlinear logging and compiling of video-clips. The hypertext shell can be used for individual hypertext compositions (TakeNote), and has a full-fledged bibliographic component allowing for selection of texts, annotation, cross-referencing, compiling select bibliographies, making interlibrary requests, etc. The shell is also designed for read-and-write collaborations on a network (TalkingPoint): as an electronic seminar (e.g. for a research group), the user is informed about specific updates by different persons since the last log-off, and she/he may then add texts in common or private folders, What makes it a hypertext is, of course, that every text is a node which can potentially be linked to every other textnode, so that the shell allows for multiple sequences of ‘writing-reading’. The nWAYZ Project allows for many kinds of links — ● soft links — the ability to jump from one text to another in any direction, but in such a way that the user knows where helshe is in the information space. s firm links — the possibility of marking trails for temporary or permanent record, and thereby for potential retracing ● hard links — the fixing of specific trails radiating between texts so that others can/must follow these paths. Within the therapy session, the looping of camcorder and playback recorders means that the therapist and members of the couple can at any time ‘stop the action’ for review while continuing to film the interaction (i.e. they can review themselves reviewing), and these clips are then automatically added to the hypertext. Between sessions, the therapist and couple can mark additional clips, and/or incorporate other kinds of text. The accumulated hypertext is then available for reference on a different monitor in the next session. This means that it is possible to distinguish some repetitive interfactional pattern (a ‘sweep’), and thlen to lay out better alternative moves at particular junctures in interaction. From Hypertext to Metatext Hypertext are ‘open works’ in that component texts can be combined in infinite sequences to facilitate unlooked-for juxtapositions, novel connections, and nonlinear solutions. Attempts to give preference to this or that sequence are seen as counter-productive and even fascistic. The nWAYZ Project seeks to avoid such restrictive closure by encouraging the members of the couple to define the texts (i.e. distinguish which moments are significant), to introduce other texts (e.g. family photographs, home vidleos) and to build trails between texts. By allowing members of a couple to compose different texts it becomes possible to uncover personal webs of association that orient different individual lifeprojects. The analysis of relational sequences within texts and between texts has revealed new ways of conceptualizing hypertext as strings, loops, plexes and sweeps come to form complex ‘objects’. Using hypertextiypermedia in couples therapy continues to uncover other important distinctions: ● intertexts — how new meanings are generated by the juxtaposition of texts ● intratexts — how meanings arise from the ambiguity of signs within texts ● ultratexts — how meanings derive from the spatial and temporal boundaries of the text ● infratexts — how meanings which become apparent when the text is manipulated alterations in figure-ground relationships (e.g. by slow-motion) However, one of the great unspoken hypertext issues is the fact that the text is always organized by some underlying metatext. In terms of using hypertext/hypermedia in couples therapy, this becomes important because individual projects cannot be totally idiosyncratic. People enter into relationships based on the idea that what is good for Peter is good for Pauline, and vice versa. But what is this underlying human project? Work in psychotherapy has to be based on an idea about what makes for better and worse relationship being shared by members of the couple and the therapist. In the nWAYZ Project this is dealt with by organizing the texts on a basis of a metatext (the LOCWKEY) which lets the participants apprehend what they see on the videotape in terms of an explicit designation of how Hypertext ’93 Proceedings 251 November 1993 better and worse relationships emerge in interaction. Then, for instance, newspaper cartoons can be used to flag particular interpersonal games that are identified as destructive or creative. REFERENCES [Barr89a]

Technologically assisted focussing in psychotherapy with couples