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Wireless sensor network technology provides an opportunity for innovation. Their applications in urban environment have attracted many attentions recently. Due to the dynamic operational environment, the reliability and energy efficiency are two important criteria for the routing protocol designs of wireless sensor networks. This paper presents a heuristic study on fault tolerant and energy efficient routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks in street-based urban environment. The leveling algorithm, combined with the energy extension scheme, is presented as an effective routing protocol in the presence of malfunctioned nodes. A local optimization scheme is further proposed for energy efficiency, which is implemented only based on the neighboring nodes information. The simulation results show that the proposed technique achieves optimal fault tolerant performance provided a limited transmission range. The average energy consumption and the packet latency is also simulated and compared with the theoretical optimum solution generated based on the global routing information.

A fault tolerant and energy efficient routing protocol for urban sensor networks