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The postulate that geothermal energy might be recoverable from strata laterally equivalent to the Fell Sandstone\udFormation (Carboniferous: Mississippian) beneath Newcastle upon Tyne has been examined by the drilling and testing of the\ud1821 m deep Newcastle Science Central Deep Geothermal Borehole. This proved 376.5 m of Fell Sandstone Formation below\ud1400 m, much of which resembled braided river deposits found at outcrop, although some lower portions were reddened and\udyielded grains of aeolian affinity. Downhole logging after attainment of thermal equilibrium proved a temperature of 73°C at\ud1740 m, and allowed estimation of heat flow at about 88 mW m−2. This relatively high value probably reflects deep convective\udtransfer of heat over a distance of >8 km from the North Pennine Batholith, along the Ninety Fathom Fault. The Fell Sandstone\udtraversed by the borehole proved to be of low hydraulic conductivity (c. 7×10−5 m d−1). The water that entered the well was\udhighly saline, with a Na–(Ca)–Cl signature similar to other warm waters encountered in the region. It remains for future\uddirectional drilling to establish whether sufficient natural fracture permeability can be encountered, or wells stimulated, to\udsupport commercial heat production

quarterly journal of engineering geology and hydrogeology

Geothermal exploration in the Fell Sandstone Formation (Mississippian) beneath the city centre of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: the Newcastle Science Central Deep Geothermal Borehole