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The possibility of a supersolid state of matter, i.e., a crystalline solidexhibiting superfluid properties, first appeared in theoretical studies aboutforty years ago. After a long period of little interest due to the lack ofexperimental evidence, it has attracted strong experimental and theoreticalattention in the last few years since Kim and Chan (Penn State, USA) reportedevidence for nonclassical rotational inertia effects, a typical signature ofsuperfluidity, in samples of solid 4He. Since this "first observation", otherexperimental groups have observed such effects in the response to the rotationof samples of crystalline helium, and it has become clear that the response ofthe solid is extremely sensitive to growth conditions, annealing processes, and3He impurities. A peak in the specific heat in the same range of temperatureshas been reported as well as anomalies in the elastic behaviour of solid 4Hewith a strong resemblance to the phenomena revealed by torsional oscillatorexperiments. Very recently, the observation of unusual mass transport in hcpsolid 4He has also been reported, suggesting superflow. From the theoreticalpoint of view, powerful simulation methods have been used to study solid 4He,but the interpretation of the data is still rather difficult; dealing with thequestion of supersolidity means that one has to face not only the problem ofthe coexistence of quantum coherence phenomena and crystalline order, exploringthe realm of spontaneous symmetry breaking and quantum field theory, but alsothe problem of the role of disorder, i.e., how defects, such as vacancies,impurities, dislocations, and grain boundaries, participate in the phasetransition mechanism.

journal of the physical society of japan

Solid 4He and the Supersolid Phase: from Theoretical Speculation to the  Discovery of a New State of Matter? A Review of the Past and Present Status  of Research