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We review some exact results on Kondo impurity systems derived fromBethe-ansatz solutions and boundary conformal field theory with particularemphasis on universal aspects of the phenomenon. The finite-size spectracharacterizing the low-energy fixed point are computed from the Bethe-ansatzsolutions of various models related to the Kondo problem. Using the finite-sizescaling argument, we investigate their exact critical properties. We alsodiscuss that a universal relation between the Kondo effect and the impurityeffect in one-dimensional quantum systems usefully expedites our understandingof these different phenomena.Comment: 6 pages, no figure

Kondo Problem and Related One-dimensional Quantum Systems: Bethe Ansatz Solution and Boundary Conformal Field Theory