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While Indices, Index tracking funds and ETFs have grown in popularity duringthen last ten years, there are many structural problems inherent in Indexcalculation methodologies and the legal/economic structure of ETFs. Theseproblems raise actionable issues of Suitability and fraud under US securitieslaws, because most Indices and ETFs are misleading, have substantial trackingerrors and dont reflect what they are supposed to track. This articlecontributes to the existing literature by: a) introducing and characterizingthe errors and Biases inherent in risk-adjusted index weighting methods and theassociated adverse effects; b) showing how these biases/effects inherent inIndex calculation methods reduce social welfare, and can form the basis forharmful arbitrage activities.

discrete mathematics algorithms and applications/discrete mathematics, algorithms, and applications

Decision-Making, Sub-Additive Recursive "Matching" Noise And Biases In  Risk-Weighted Stock/Bond Index Calculation Methods In Incomplete Markets With  Partially Observable Multi-Attribute Preferences