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When a rod is vertically withdrawn from a granular layer, oblique forcechains can be developed by effective shearing. In this study, the force-chainstructure in a rod-withdrawn granular layer was experimentally investigatedusing a photoelastic technique. The rod is vertically withdrawn from atwo-dimensional granular layer consisting of bidisperse photoelastic disks.During the withdrawal, the development process of force chains is visualized bythe photoelastic effect. By systematic analysis of photoelastic images, forcechain structures newly developed by the rod withdrawing are identified andanalyzed. In particular, the relation between the rod-withdrawing force$F_\mathrm{w}$, total force-chains force $F_\mathrm{t}$, and their averageorientation $\theta$ are discussed. We find that the oblique force chains arenewly developed by withdrawing. The force-chain angle $\theta$ is almostconstant (approximately $20^{\circ}$ from the horizontal), and the total force$F_\mathrm{t}$ gradually increases by the withdrawal. In addition,$F_\mathrm{t}\sin\theta$ shows a clear correlation with $F_\mathrm{w}$.

Force chain structure in a rod-withdrawn granular layer