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The transverse momentum spectra of charged particles produced inproton(deuteron)-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at high energies areanalyzed by the Hagedorn thermal model and the standard distribution in termsof multi-component. The experimental data measured in central and peripheralgold-gold (Au-Au) and deuteron-gold ($d$-Au) collisions by the PHENIXCollaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), as well as incentral and peripheral lead-lead (Pb-Pb) and proton-lead ($p$-Pb) collisions bythe ALICE Collaboration at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are fitted by thetwo models. The initial, effective, and kinetic freeze-out temperatures arethen extracted from the fitting to the transverse momentum spectra. It is shownthat the initial temperature is larger than the effective temperature, and theeffective temperature is larger than the kinetic freeze-out temperature. Thethree types of temperatures in central collisions are comparable with those inperipheral collisions, and those at the LHC are comparable with those at theRHIC.

the european physical journal plus

Initial, effective, and kinetic freeze-out temperatures from transverse  momentum spectra in high energy proton(deuteron)-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus  collisions