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Since the mid-1920s, different strands of research used stars as "physicslaboratories" for investigating the nature of matter under extreme densitiesand pressures, impossible to realize on Earth. To trace this process this paperis following the evolution of the concept of a dense core in stars, which wasimportant both for an understanding of stellar evolution and as a testingground for the fast-evolving field of nuclear physics. In spite of the dividebetween physicists and astrophysicists, some key actors working in thecross-fertilized soil of overlapping but different scientific culturesformulated models and tentative theories that gradually evolved into morerealistic and structured astrophysical objects. These investigations culminatedin the first contact with general relativity in 1939, when J. RobertOppenheimer and his students George Volkoff and Hartland Snyder systematicallyapplied the theory to the dense core of a collapsing neutron star. Thispioneering application of Einstein's theory to an astrophysical compact objectcan be regarded as a milestone in the path eventually leading to the emergenceof relativistic astrophysics in the early 1960s.

Stellar structure and compact objects before 1940: Towards relativistic astrophysics