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In 1847 Christian Ludwig Gerling, Marburg (Germany), suggested the solarparallax to be determined by measuring the position of Venus close to itsinferior conjunction, especially at the stationary points, from observatorieson nearly the same meridian but widely differing in latitude. James M.Gilliss,astronomer at the newly founded U.S. Naval Observatory,enthusiastically adopted this idea and procured a grant for the youngastronomical community of the United States for an expedition to Chile. Therethey were to observe several conjunctions of Venus and oppositions of Mars,while the accompanying measurements were to be taken at the US NavalObservatory in Washington D.C. and the Harvard College Observatory atCambridge, USA. This expedition was supported by A. v. Humboldt, C.F. Gau{\ss},J.F. Encke, S.C. Walker, A.D. Bache, B. Peirce and others. From 1849 to 1852not only were astronomical, but also meteorological and magnetic observationsand measurements recorded, mainly in Santa Lucia close to Santiago, Chile. Bycomparing these measurements with those taken simultaneously at otherobservatories around the world the solar parallax could be calculated, althoughincomplete data from the corresponding northern observatories threatened theproject's success. In retrospect this expedition can be recognized as thefoundation of the Chilean astronomy. The first director of the new NationalAstronomical Observatory of Chile was Dr. C.W. Moesta, a Hessian student ofChristian Ludwig Gerling's. The exchange of data between German, American andother astronomers during this expedition was well mediated by J.G. Fl\"ugel,consul of the United States of America and representative of the SmithsonianInstitution in Europe, who altogether played a major role in nurturing therelationship between the growing scientific community in the U.S. and the wellestablished one in Europe at that time.

An international campaign of the 19th century to determine the solar parallax - The US Naval expedition to the southern hemisphere 1849 - 1852