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In the sub-TeV regime, the most widely used hadronic interaction modelsdisagree significant lying their predictions for post-first interaction andground-level particle spectra from cosmic ray induced air showers. Thesedifferences generate an important source of systematic uncertainty in theirexperimental use. We investigate the nature and impact of model uncertaintiesthrough a simultaneous analysis of ground level particles and first interactionscenarios. We focus on air shower primaries with energies close to thetransition between high and low energy hadronic interaction models, where thedissimilarities have been shown to be the largest and well within the range ofaccelerator measurements. Interaction models are shown to diverge as severalshower scenarios are compared, reflecting intrinsic differences in the modeltheoretical frameworks. Finally, we discuss the importance of interactions inthe energy regime where the switching between models occurs (<1 TeV) and theeffect of the choice of model on the number of hadronic interactions withincosmic ray induced air showers of higher energies.

Sub-TeV hadronic interaction model differences and their impact on air showers