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The photon -- induced interactions, present in $ep$, $eA$, $pp$, $pA$, $AA$and $e^+ e^-$ collisions, are expressed within the color dipole approach interms of the photon wave function, which describes the transition of the photoninto a quark -- antiquark color dipole. Such quantity is usually calculatedusing perturbation theory assuming that long distance corrections associated tostrong interactions can be neglected. In this paper we investigate the impactof these nonperturbative QCD (npQCD) corrections to the description of thephoton wave function for dipoles of large size in several observables measuredat HERA, LEP and LHC. We assume a phenomenological ansatz for the treatment ofthese npQCD corrections and constrain the free parameters of our model usingthe experimental data for the photoproduction cross section. The predictionsfor the $\gamma \gamma$ cross section, exclusive $\rho$ production in $ep$collisions and the rapidity distribution for the $\rho$ production in $PbPb$collisions are compared with the data. We demonstrate that the inclusion of thenonperturbative QCD corrections improves the description of processes that aredominated by large dipoles.

A phenomenological analysis of the nonperturbative QCD contributions for the photon wave function