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The low-background, VUV-sensitive 3-inch diameter photomultiplier tube R11410has been developed by Hamamatsu for dark matter direct detection experimentsusing liquid xenon as the target material. We present the results from thejoint effort between the XENON collaboration and the Hamamatsu company toproduce a highly radio-pure photosensor (version R11410-21) for the XENON1Tdark matter experiment. After introducing the photosensor and its components,we show the methods and results of the radioactive contamination measurementsof the individual materials employed in the photomultiplier production. We thendiscuss the adopted strategies to reduce the radioactivity of the various PMTversions. Finally, we detail the results from screening 216 tubes withultra-low background germanium detectors, as well as their implications for theexpected electronic and nuclear recoil background of the XENON1T experiment.

Lowering the radioactivity of the photomultiplier tubes for the XENON1T dark matter experiment