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Starting from the instability diagram of a traffic flow model, we deriveconditions for the occurrence of congested traffic states, their appearance,their spreading in space and time, and the related increase in travel times. Wediscuss the terminology of traffic phases and give empirical evidence for theexistence of a phase diagram of traffic states. In contrast to previouslypresented phase diagrams, it is shown that "widening synchronized patterns" arepossible, if the maximum flow is located inside of a metastable density regime.Moreover, for various kinds of traffic models with different instabilitydiagrams it is discussed, how the related phase diagrams are expected toapproximately look like. Apart from this, it is pointed out that combinationsof on- and off-ramps create different patterns than a single, isolated on-ramp.

Theoretical vs. Empirical Classification and Prediction of Congested Traffic States