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Underlying events dominate most of the hadronic activity in p$-$p collisionsand are spanned from perturbative to non-perturbative QCD, having a sensitivityranging from the multi-scale to very low-x scale physics. A detailedunderstanding of such events plays a crucial role in the accurate understandingof Standard Model ()SM and Beyond Standard Model physics. The underlying eventactivities has been studied within the framework of Pythia 8 Monte Carlo model,considering the underlying events observables mean charged particlemultiplicity density , $\langle d^{2}N /d\eta d\phi \rangle$ and mean scalar$p_T$ sum, $\langle d^{2} \sum p_{T} /d\eta d\phi \rangle$ as a function ofleading charged particle in towards, away, and transverse region of p$-$pcollisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 2.76, 7 and 13 TeV. The towards, away, andtransverse regions have been defined on an azimuthal plane relative to leadingparticle in p$-$p collisions. The energy dependence of underlying events andtheir activities in the central and forward region has also been studied. Theeffect of hadronic re-scattering, color reconnection, and rope hadronizationmechanism implemented in Pythia 8 has been studied in details to gain insightinto the different processes contributing to underlying events in soft sector.

Effect of color reconnection and hadronic re-scattering on underlying events in pp collisions at LHC energies