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The characteristics of the thermal radiation are investigated using a two -component model, with the hard component being described by the Color GlassCondensate formalism. The inclusive transverse momentum spectra of chargedhadrons produced in proton - proton and proton - nucleus collisions at LHCenergies and large - $p_T$ are estimated using the running coupling $k_T$ -factorization formula and the solution of the Balitsky - Kovchegov equation.Our results indicate that the thermal term is necessary to describe theexperimental data and that the effective thermal temperature has an energydependence similar to the saturation scale. We demonstrate that the enhancementof the thermal temperature in $pPb$ collisions is consistent with thatpredicted by the saturation scale.

Thermal radiation and inclusive production in the running coupling $k_T$ -- factorization approach