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The ternary cluster decay of heavy nuclei has been observed in severalexperiments with binary coincidences between two fragments using detectortelescopes (the FOBOS-detectors, JINR, Dubna) placed on the opposite sides fromthe source of fissioning nuclei. The binary coincidences at a relative angle of180$^0$ deg. correspond to binary fission or to the decay into three clusterfragments by registration of two nuclei with different masses(e.g.$^{132}$Sn,$^{52-48}$Ca,$^{68-72}$Ni). This marks a new step in thephysics of fission-phenomena of heavy nuclei. These experimental results forthe collinear cluster tripartition (CCT), refer to the decay into threeclusters of comparable masses. In the present work we discuss the variousaspects of this ternary fission (FFF) mode. The question of collinearity isanalysed on the basis of recent publications. Further insight into the possibledecay modes is obtained by the discussion of the path towards largerdeformation, towards hyper-deformation and by inspecting details of thepotential energy surfaces (PES). In the path towards the extremely deformedstates leading to ternary fission, the concept of deformed shells is mostimportant. At the scission configuration the phase space determined by thePES's leads to the final mass distributions. The possibility of formation offragments of almost equal size ($Z_i$ = 32, 34, 32, for $Z$=98) and theobservation of several other fission modes in the same system can be predictedby the PES. The PES's show pronounced minima and valleys, namely for severalmass/charge combinations of ternary fragments, which correspond to a variety ofcollinear ternary fission (multi-modal) decays. The case of the decay of$^{252}$Cf(sf,fff) turns out to be unique due to the presence of deformedshells in the total system and of closed shells in all three nuclei in thedecay.

A New Radioactive Decay Mode, True Ternary Fission, the Decay of Heavy Nuclei Into Three Comparable Fragments