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We reviewed the strategy for Agricultural Research for Development (AR4D) adopted by the\udInternational Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). The objective was to\udexamine ICRISAT’s research strategy related to the twin challenges of resilience and profitability in\uddeveloping technologies aimed at improving the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in the drylands\udof Africa. To do this, we examined the expected impact on resilience and profitability of its present\udprogram and the realized impact of ICRISAT’s previous research. We argue that the current CGIAR\udResearch Programs led by ICRISAT envisage separate product lines for resilience and profitability,\udtargeted at two groups, i.e., subsistence- and market-oriented smallholders. This approach, expected\udto make technology more appropriate for farmers’ needs, risks overlooking the interconnectedness\udof the two targets if they are too rigorously separated. Although our review of ICRISAT’s previous\udresearch program suggests that success stories have taken numerous forms—some increasing resilience,\udothers profitability—our review also suggests that it is possible to develop win–win technologies\udthat improve both targets. Finding ways to replicate win–win technologies will require that ICRISAT\udtests the resulting technologies and their implementation in specific contexts to improve and replace\udthem as the research programs evolve

Targeting resilience and profitability in African smallholder agriculture: Insights from ICRISAT-led research programs