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We present empirical support for a conceptual framework in which chemical contaminants are considered as sources of physiological stress to fish. Physiological stress was quantified in terms of energy by measuring routine metabolism, food consumption, activity, and growth rates of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) exposed to the organochlorine pesticide dieldrin. Regression analysis was used to estimate models that describe the response of each endpoint as a function of dieldrin concentration and duration of exposure. Metabolic rate, consumption, and growth were influenced by chemical exposure. At short durations of exposure (1-4 days), metabolic rate of exposed fish was depressed compared with controls, but at a longer duration (16 days), metabolic rate increased as a function of concentration. Food consumption and growth rates of fish exposed for 16 days declined as dieldrin concentration increased. The response of each endpoint was consistent with predictions of the general adaptation syndrome. Energetic costs of contaminant-induced changes in metabolism and food consumption can be integrated with a bioenergetics model to demonstrate biological significance of chemical exposure in a natural environment. Resume : Les auteurs presentent des donnees empiriques sous-tendant un cadre conceptuel selon lequel les contaminants chimiques constituent une source de stress physiologique pour les poissons. Pour quantifier la valeur energetique du stress physiologique engendre par ces substances, ils ont mesure le metabolisme normal, la consommation de nourriture, l'activite et les taux de croissance chez des achigans a grande bouche ( Micropterus salmoides) exposes a la dieldrine, un insecticide organochlore. Au moyen d'analyses de regression, ils ont estime des modeles decrivant les fluctuations de chaque parametre en fonction de la concentration de dieldrine et de la duree d'exposition. La vitesse de metabolisme, la consommation de nourriture et la croissance variaient en fonction de la duree d'exposition. Le metabolisme des poissons exposes durant de courtes periodes (1-4 jours) etait plus lent que celui des poissons temoins. En revanche, en cas d'exposition prolongee (16 jours), le metabolisme s'accelerait en fonction de la concentration de dieldrine, mais la consommation de nourriture et les taux de croissance diminuaient. L'evolution de chaque parametre etait compatible avec les caracteristiques d'un syndrome general d'adaptation. Le cout energetique des changements interessant le metabolisme et la consommation de nourriture induits par l'exposition au contaminant peuvent etre integres dans un modele bioenergetique pour demontrer le retentissement biologique de l'exposition a un contaminant chimique en milieu naturel. (Traduit par la Redaction) Beyers et al. 822

Estimating physiological cost of chemical exposure: integrating energetics and stress to quantify toxic effects in fish