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A comprehensive experimental study that quantifies the influence of coupled compression and shear wave loading on liquefaction susceptibility of sands is presented. Such loading leads to complex principal stress rotation, which in turn impacts the potential for liquefaction in soils even if the cyclic loading intensity remains constant. The nature and degree of principal stress rotation caused by coupled loading are significantly influenced by the initial consolidation stress state, and the cyclic shear (ΔS), cyclic normal (ΔN) stress increments, the ratio ∆S⁄∆N, and the phase shift (δ) between the waves.&#x0D; Cyclic hollow cylinder torsional shear tests were carried out on Fraser River sand specimens isotropically consolidated to different 〖σ^'〗_mc and subjected to coupled cyclic loading with representative ∆S⁄∆N. For a given CSR and initial 〖σ^'〗_mc, the liquefaction resistance decreases with increasing s- wave intensity relative to p-wave intensity, which are proxies to stress increments ΔS and ΔN respectively. Liquefaction resistance decreases with an increase in ∆S⁄∆N up to a limiting value of about 2 beyond which increasing ∆S⁄∆N does not significantly influence the cyclic resistance. The finding that cyclic resistance ratio CRR decreases with increasing ΔS⁄ΔN is consistent with the understanding that the cyclic resistance is lower under simple shear loading mode compared to triaxial shear. . This indicates that the K_σ factor can be considered even under generalized coupled loading condition

Liquefaction of sands subjected to principal stress rotation caused by generalized seismic loading