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Recent near-field earthquakes accompanied by large soil deformations have been clouding the notion that mountain tunnels would be safe places during earthquakes. One of the recent eye-openers was the damage to railway tunnels in the 2004 Mid-Niigata Prefecture earthquake. Changes in stresses in the interior of a half-space of stratified sedimentary rocks, as a representative of the earthquake-hit region, are obtained using the authors’ previous works on co-seismic deformations of this region to study the damage mechanism of deeply embedded railway tunnels. The values of square root of the second invariant of the stress deviator tensor, [Formula: see text], and the first invariant of Cauchy stress tensor, [Formula: see text], are compared with the reported damages along the entire stretch of selected tunnels and a very good correlation is observed between the peak values of [Formula: see text] and the damaged sections of the tunnels. A yield surface is defined as the boundary between clusters of points for damaged and undamaged tunnel sections in the scatter diagram of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. This yield surface and rock–soil deformability can be used to examine the margin of safety of both existing and new tunnels as well as for hazard zonation in a given scenario earthquake.

Co-seismic stress changes and damage to tunnels in the 23 October 2004 Mid-Niigata Prefecture earthquake