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In this paper we consider variational problems involving 1-dimensional connected sets in the Euclidean plane, such as the classical Steiner tree problem and the irrigation (Gilbert--Steiner) problem. We relate them to optimal partition problems and provide a variational approximation through Modica--Mortola type energies proving a $Gamma$-convergence result. We also introduce a suitable convex relaxation and develop the corresponding numerical implementations. The proposed methods are quite general and the results we obtain can be extended to $n$-dimensional Euclidean space or to more general manifold ambients, as shown in the companion paper [M. Bonafini, G. Orlandi, and E. Oudet, Variational Approximation of Functionals Defined on 1-Dimensional Connected Sets in $mathbb{R}^n$, preprint, 2018].

Variational Approximation of Functionals Defined on 1-dimensional Connected Sets: The Planar Case