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In this paper we improve traditional steepest descent methods for the direct minimization of the Gross-Pitaevskii (GP) energy with rotation at two levels. We first define a new inner product to equip the Sobolev space $H^1$ and derive the corresponding gradient. Second, for the treatment of the mass conservation constraint, we use a projection method that avoids more complicated approaches based on modified energy functionals or traditional normalization methods. The descent method with these two new ingredients is studied theoretically in a Hilbert space setting, and we give a proof of the global existence and convergence in the asymptotic limit to a minimizer of the GP energy. The new method is implemented in both finite difference and finite element two-dimensional settings and is used to compute various complex configurations with vortices of rotating Bose-Einstein condensates. The new Sobolev gradient method shows better numerical performances compared to classical $L^2$ or $H^1$ gradient methods, especially when high rotation rates are considered.

A New Sobolev Gradient Method for Direct Minimization of the Gross–Pitaevskii Energy with Rotation