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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The precise mechanism of hepatocarcinogenesis in humans by HCV is currently unclear. It was recently shown, however, that transgenic mice with the HCV core gene often develop HCC, suggesting tumorigenic activity of the HCV core protein. Further, the HCV core protein expressed in HepG2 cells transfected with the core gene was shown to stimulate proliferation of transfectants through activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). The downstream target molecule(s) of NF-kappaB activated by the HCV core protein to evoke cell proliferation is not yet identified. Transforming growth factor (TGF) alpha, which is often overexpressed in various tumour tissues such as HCC, has been shown to stimulate hepatocyte proliferation through activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase or extracellular signal-related protein kinase (MAPK/ERK) cascade.

Hepatitis C virus core protein promotes proliferation of human hepatoma cells through enhancement of transforming growth factor expression via activation of nuclear factor- B