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important, because if there is a strict medical control of amateur boxers the possibility of extensive and repeated neuronal destruction will not exist and the argument indicting boxing on account of the cerebral end-results will therefore be groundless and unnecessary. Thus according to the London Amateur Boxing Association laws, boxers who are repeatedly knocked out, who suffer lengthy amnesias on several occasions, or who are severely concussed are excluded from further contests. There is another aspect of the medical service, and this is to explore all possible measures that will help to safeguard the non-professional boxer. As well as our report on the use of the E.E.G. as a prophylactic aid, other authors have published their results (Ardito, 1954; Soeder and Arndt, 1954; Larsson et al., 1954; Medved, 1955; Pampus and Grote, 1956). Kaplan and Browder (1954) made an extensive study of professional boxers, and they, like most other authors and ourselves, found little or no evidence of permanent brain changes. Records taken soon after a bout in which the boxer received a lot of head blows were usually normal, and a few men who were followed for up to three years whilst boxing regularly developed no E.E.G. abnormality. Permanent cerebral deficits, although they no doubt occur, seem to be very difficult to detect by the methods of investigation at present available, and are in any case probably rare. Kaplan and Browder (1954), when evaluating the relative merits of the information obtained from tlese investigations, arrange them in the following order of usefulness: past medical history, physical fitness, past boxing performances, and finally the E.E.G. With this we would agree, and itis obvious that a decision concerning a boy's boxing future can be reached only by considering all thv available evidence. At the moment, all the possible information concerning boxing head blows must be amassed, and observations on the amnesia of the concussed boxer is of considerable importance. The retrograde and post-traumatic memory losses are both indications of the severity of the blow (Russell and Nathan, 1946), but they must be assessed with reference to events observed by onlookers. Thus, a lengthy amnesia without the external appearances of loss of consciousness should be considered equivalent to a state where the boxer is obviously unconscious. The grading of head blows received in the ring is not easy, and we have attempted to provide a classification that seems to include most cases of concussion. It is possible that as we acquire more knowledge some modification may be necessary, but at the moment the recording of both objective and subjective information is justified. Much more information on boxing amnesia, however, is required, and, as well as the immediate retrograde type, the behaviour of more distant pre-traumatic memories may be important (Williams and Zangwill, 1952). It seems possible that assessment of the total traumatic amnesia will be more important than the neurological examination, the E.E.G., or other tests in detecting the first signs of the deleterious effects of boxing upon the brain-if such will ever result from amateur boxing. The increase of medical interest in amateur boxing that is evident all over the world is of considerable importance. It is helping to eradicate the prejudices and misconceptions that dominate most discussions on the subject. At the same time, it will improve and popularize the medical welfare of youths who indulge in boxing as a recreation and in particular will protect them from chronic cerebral damage, if this can be proved to be a consequence of amateur boxing. The medical problems of the amateurs are under constant review and new knowledge acquired from the sport or from elsewhere will be made use of where appropriate. With regard to the more fundamental objections to boxing as a sport, we have nothing to add to previous statements (Blonstein and Clarke, 1954), except to comment upon the interesting fact that the emotions said to be displayed in the ring and condemned by the opponents of boxing are often evident in their belligerent verbosity. Summary

A Fatal Injury at Boxing (Traumatic Decerebrate Rigidity)