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indeed a martyrology. In the last few years I have operated in almost all cases that have come to me, for I have felt that it was well worth the while of any patient to face the risk of operation rather than to suffer the agony which muist otlherwise be his lot.In all cases I have joined the gall bladder to some part of the alimentary canal-to the du1odenum if I could do so with ease; to the stomach if it couLld be reached with less difficulty; in one case only I have taken the colon. The immediate results have been suLrprisi,ngly good, for no patient yet has died, and the relief I as been in all very considerable. I was at first a little apprelhensive when the fistula was made into the stomach, but such cases seem to differ in no recognizable particular from those in wllich the duodenum has been available. Bile flowiing freely into the stomach does not seem to impede the full activities of gastric digestion.4 In two of these cases it is certain that a mistake in diagnosis was made, for after a lapse of two and a half and tlhree years the patients are quite w%ell, have lost all tinge of jaundice, have gained weight and are in active work. They were doubtless examples of that most interesting and remarkable condition, chronic pancreatitis. I am not sure whether in these later days the pancreas is not sometimes accused of inflammatory transgressions when innocent. But it is quite certain that it may be accuLsed of malignancy when it does not deserve the reproach. The elder writers tell us nothing of chlronic pancreatitis-the recognition of it is due to the investigations carried out upon the common bile duct in the search for stones impacted therein. When, as sometimes lhappened, a large hard mass was discovered, malignancy was imputed and a bad prognosis given, which the patient made haste to falsify. Riedel and chiefly Mayo Robson are entitled to the credit of this hiighly important advance in our knowledge. We are now fully aware of the fact that chronic pancreatitis depends very often for its development upon an infection fromn the commi-oni duct, which is set going by stones in transit or in arrest there. The danger of the condition lies in its contiinuied developm-lent long after the original cause lhas beeni removed. In a few of my cases, after tlle lapse of years, glycosuria has developed and the patient has died comlatose, no doubt from an implication of the islands of Langerhans in an interaciniar inflanmmation. Glycosuria can be found from time to time in the urine of patients who suffer from cholelithiasis, and it may perhaps rightly bho considered as the most urgent of all indications for early operation. In a very large proportion of the cases the panCreatic complication does not need to be specially considered; the removal of the cause, nearly always a calcului, witlh the subsequent drainage of the bile to the surface, is quite enouglh to ensure a subsidence of the inflammiation. Thle faot that when a certain limit is overstepped the process of chronic induration will continue tunchecked, and that the death of the patient from diabetes may thereby be caused, should, however, urge uponi us the niecessity of early operative rescue in all these patielnts. REFERENCES. 1 B3ITISTI MEDICAL JOURNAL, Novemiber 16th, 1907. 2 Proc. Roy. Soc. Mledl., 1911, Vol. iv, No. 3, P. 61. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL, Nlovenl)ber 28th, 1908. 4 Ibid., 1901, vol. i, p. 1136.

An Address ON COMPRESSED AIR ILLNESS AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH: Delivered before the Dublin Branch of the Medical Research Society, January 25th, 1912