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The primary feature of osteoarthritis is cartilage loss. In addition, osteophytes can frequently be observed. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) has been suggested to be associated with protection against cartilage damage and new cartilage formation as seen in osteophytes.

annals of the rheumatic diseases

Expression of transforming growth factor- (TGF ) and the TGF signalling molecule SMAD-2P in spontaneous and instability-induced osteoarthritis: role in cartilage degradation, chondrogenesis and osteophyte formation