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—Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease with steadily progressing death of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. The disease is incurable and results in the patient’s death within 3–5 years on average. The mechanisms of initiation, progression, and spread of the pathological process remain unclear. It seems that inflammatory reactions may be important for disease progression but this is not certain. We performed multiplex analysis of the expression of neuroinflammatory genes in mononuclear cells of peripheral blood from patients with different rates of ALS progression ( n  = 22) and compared these data with those observed in healthy volunteers. We found that the expression of 14 genes, specifically  BAX ,  CLN3 ,  PLEKHM1 ,  AKT1 ,  LAMP1 ,  RAC2 ,  VAV1 ,  MPG ,  TFG ,  BRD2 ,  CSK ,  MSN ,  GBA , and  VIM,  differed between the groups of patients and healthy volunteers ( p  &lt; 0.05;  q  &lt; 0.05). Genes associated with autophagia, apoptosis, adaptive immunity, and growth factor cascades prevail among these genes. We did not find any substantial differences in gene expression between patients with rapid and slow ALS progression. We revealed a subgroup of patients who exhibited significantly different expression of 208 or 262 genes compared to other ALS patients or healthy volunteers, respectively ( p  &lt; 0.05;  q  &lt; 0.05). Our data show the importance of not only central but also peripheral inflammatory reactions in the development of the pathological process associated with ALS.

Variability of the Expression Patterns of Neuroinflammatory Genes in Mononuclear Cells of Peripheral Blood in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis