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The spectrum of cyclotron radiation produced by electrons with a stronglyanisotropic velocity distribution is calculated taking into account higherharmonics. The motion of the electrons is assumed to be ultrarelativistic alongthe magnetic field and nonrelativistic across the field. One characteristicfeature of the resulting spectrum is that harmonics of various orders are notequally spaced. The physical properties and observed spectra of four X-raypulsars displaying higher cyclotron harmonics are analyzed. The cyclotronfeatures in the spectra of all four pulsars can be interpreted only as emissionlines. Moreover, the observed harmonics are not equidistant, and displaycertain other properties characteristic of emission by strongly anisotropicultrarelativistic electrons. In addition, there are indirect theoreticalarguments that the electrons giving rise to cyclotron features in the spectraof X-ray pulsars are ultrarelativistic and characterized by stronglyanisotropic distributions. As a result, estimates of the magnetic fields ofX-ray pulsars (which are usually derived from the energies of cyclotron lines)and certain other physical parameters require substantial revision.

The cyclotron spectrum of anisotropic ultrarelativistic electrons: interpretation of X-ray pulsar spectra