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Laboratory and theoretical studies provide insight into the mechanismsthat control earthquake nucleation, when fault slip velocity isslow (<0.001 cm/s), and dynamic rupture when fault slip rates exceedcentimeters per second. The application of these results to tectonicfaults requires information about fabric evolution with shear and itsimpact on the mode of faulting. Here we report on laboratory experimentsthat illuminate the evolution of shear fabric and its role in controllingthe transition from stable sliding ( v ∼0.001 cm/s) to dynamicstick slip ( v > 1 cm/s). The full range of fault slip modes was achievedby controlling the ratio K = k / k c , where k is the elastic loading stiffnessand k c is the fault zone critical rheologic stiffness. We show that K controls the transition from slow-and-silent slip ( K > 0.9) to fast-and-audible ( K v = 3 cm/s, slip duration 0.003 s) slip events.Microstructural observations show that with accumulated strain,deformation concentrates in shear zones containing sharp shearplanes made of nanoscale grains, which favor the development offrictional instabilities. Once this fabric is established, fault fabric doesnot change significantly with slip velocity, and fault slip behavior ismainly controlled by the interplay between the rheological propertiesof the slipping planes and fault zone stiffness.

Evolution of shear fabric in granular fault gouge from stable sliding to stick slip and implications for fault slip mode