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Ancient mass extinction events such as the end-Permian and  end-Triassic crises provide analogues for multistressor global change ofocean warming, pH reduction, and deoxygenation. Organism physiologyis hypothesized to be a key trait influencing vulnerability to thesestressors, but it is not certain how physiology predicts survival overevolutionary time scales and when organisms are faced with opposingor synergistic stressors. Fishes (bony fishes and chondrichthyanfishes) are active organisms with high aerobic scope for thermal toleranceand well-developed acid-base regulation, traits that shouldconfer resilience to global change. To test this, we compiled a databaseof fossil marine fish occurrences to quantify extinction rates duringbackground and mass extinctions from the Permian through EarlyJurassic, using maximum likelihood estimation to compare extinctiontrajectories with marine invertebrates. Our results show that fewerchondrichthyan fishes underwent extinction than marine invertebratesduring the end-Permian crisis. End-Triassic chondrichthyan extinctionrates also were not elevated above background levels. In contrast,bony fishes underwent an end-Triassic extinction comparable to thatof marine invertebrates. The differing responses of these two groupsimply that a more active physiology can be advantageous during globalchange, although not uniformly. Permian–Triassic chondrichthyanfishes may have had broader environmental tolerances, facilitatingsurvival. Alternatively, the larger offspring size of chondrichthyanfishes may provide greater energy reserves to offset the demands ofwarming and acidification. Although more active organisms have adultadaptations for thermal tolerance and pH regulation, some may neverthelessbe susceptible to global change during early life stages.

Extinction selectivity among marine fishes during multistressor global change in the end-Permian and end-Triassic crises